Baseball – Hobbie

Relationships are something you can gain In many different ways, but for me It was baseball. From the mime I first started playing I began to make many friends which still to this day have been there for me In some of my hardest trials. The best thing about playing a sport Is having a different coach every summer. I've played baseball now for sixteen years of my young life, and in doing so I have met a lot of different people. My favorite coach of all time has to be Dale Anderson.Dale was able to show me so much in junior high, and some of which I still use today. My hobby of baseball has given me more than enough relationships in life. It has been hard for me over the years to build my character, but after all the practice I have gone through I'm sure I have come out a different person. Me being a pitcher takes a huge amount of character. I'm basically in control of the game at all times, and with character comes the composure.Composure and tempo are the two hardest things on the mo und you have to think about. You have to keep the right tempo when you have base runners on, so they will not steal off of you. Working out, getting faster and stronger are three of my favorite things about sports. It is plain and simple; if you're not physically fit you will not play to your fullest potential. Baseball has given me the opportunity to get faster and stronger than I ever thought I could be. Working out is not the only way a person gets fit.Practice is another way also, because when you practice baseball you are going at game speed. Anyone who plays sports can say, when they play/practice at game speed you will burn calories. Being fit is one of the best ways to excel In a sport. I'm glad to say that I have done the work, and It Is really starting to pay off for me. Baseball has given me so much over the years, from relationships, character, and to being physically fit. This hobby has given me the opportunity to reach for what I need In life.I thank God that he has ma de It possible for me to become a pitcher In college, and let me chase the dreams I have always wanted to come true. Who knows, maybe one day you will see me In the lights, and living my dream/hobby. Baseball – Hobbies By Brendan Baseball is a hobby and also a sport that many people love to play or Just watch. In my life. Baseball is something that has changed my life in many different ways omitting you can gain in many different ways, but for me it was baseball.From the been there for me in some of my hardest trials. The best thing about playing a sport is having a different coach every summer. Eve played baseball now for sixteen years speed you will burn calories. Being fit is one of the best ways to excel in a sport. I'm glad to say that I have done the work, and it is really starting to pay off for me. Need in life. I thank God that he has made it possible for me to become a pitcher in maybe one day you will see me in the lights, and living my dream/hobby.

The novels Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence

The novels Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and Orlando by Virginia Woolf make interesting comments on sexuality and the gender roles defined by society and the class system. Through Orlando and the other characters of that story, Woolf depicts androgynous characteristics of men and women, highlighting the similarities between the genders. Lawrence’s characters, too, show an interrelationship between the sexes that belies the societal norms. Classification and structure of the societies in both novels denote a separation that, like that of gender, seems superficial as the main characters are able to transcend class by experiencing aspects of different strata. Many of the problems regarding gender and sexuality, it is found, persist regardless of the class. In both stories, therefore, one finds the depiction of relations in which class and conventions dictate the role of women and men on the societal level, yet on the individual level, the relationships between men and women a re often odd and confusing in defiance of these dictates.Though Orlando starts out sarcastically mocking its own direction with the words â€Å"He—for there could be no doubt of his sex [†¦]† (Woolf, 3), the descriptions of the characters and especially of Orlando in the novel demonstrate a fundamental likeness between the two sexes that is often overlooked in a society that stresses the salient yet superficial differences. In fact, Woolf at first draws attention to his being in the middle of slicing a Moor’s head—an action not conventionally considered suited to females, but then she traces his image by defining body parts that are common to both sexes and hold very little gender-differentiating characteristics. She describes his red cheeks â€Å"covered with peach down† (4). Though this â€Å"down† might be in reference to a (very thin) mustache, the delicacy of the description lends a feminine flavor to the entire portrait. Other cha racters are described in this way too. The archduchess Harriet is a very tall woman—who turns out to be really a man, and when Orlando first sees Sasha he is unable to determine her sex as she appears to be straddling both.Sons and Lovers can be seen to portray a similar view of the masculine children of the Morel family. The sons William and Paul are introduced in their youth, which is the time when girls and boys share many characteristics that are differentiated in the future. As they grow up, their co-dependence on their mother further attributes to them an appearance of femininity as they (especially Paul) are unable to make decisions that leave her out. In the sister Annie, too, has an element of the hermaphrodite, as she is described as a tomboy to whom Paul looks up. These facts prepare the readers for the further confusing roles of the sexes and the strange ideas of class and sexuality that come with them.At the beginning of the novels both protagonists (Paul and Orl ando) are pictures of sexual purity. Queen Elizabeth considers Orlando to be a picture of innocence. Soon, however, Orlando encounters Sheba, expresses freedom with his sexuality, and has trouble finding love. It is interesting to note that though Woolf ostensibly portrays the two sexes as only superficially different, Orlando’s sexual freedom becomes tempered once he changes from man to woman, and it is in his female state that he finds love. Paul, on the other hand, exhibits an initial restraint toward sex during his more youthful and effeminate period. It is later in his maturity that he becomes passionate and pursues sexual relations with Miriam. Both Orlando and Paul are met with difficulty in finding what Orlando terms â€Å"life and a lover† (Woolf, 90). Orlando is, however, able to reconcile his differences with†¦ the opposite sex. Paul cannot, however, and remains alone.The roles of the men and women in these two stories are atypical when compared with th ose defined by the class and society in which they live. It is noteworthy first of all that though the class distinctions existed, they all regarded women as members of the softer sex who were in need of protection and guidance from the opposite sex. In Sons and Lovers, Mr. Morel is a poor provider for his family as he dissipates his earnings on drink and lives in a house provided by his mother. His wife directs the path of his sons, and he plays a very small role in his family. Alongside him, Mrs. Morel appears less like the fireside, knitting woman and more like the man who solicits work for her sons and advises them on relationships.Miriam’s reaction to Paul is also one in which the woman expresses the desire to perform in a role that is conventionally reserved for men. He thoughts are, â€Å"Then he was so ill, and she felt he would be weak. Then she would be stronger than he. Then she could love him. If she could be mistress of him in his weakness, take care of him, if he could depend on her, if she could, as it were, have him in her arms, how she would love him!† (Sons and Lovers, 137) The role of protector is given to man by Western society, and in all classes men are seen as the stronger sex that exist to take care of women. Here Miriam wishes to fill that role, take Paul in her arms, protect and love him. Paul’s character, in turn, appears to be one that would fit well into this portrait, as he is already in a subordinate position with his mother.In Orlando, something can be said along these lines as well. The title character weaves in and out of the roles of women and men as though they were only superficially differentiated. He admits that at core he is the same, though by society’s standards he performs adequately in each role. Researcher Ruth Gruber writes, â€Å"There is almost no perversion in Orlando's bi-sexuality. As a man, he has a strong predilection towards women, makes violent love to princesses and lies with ‘loose women’† (87). He is accepted by female prostitutes and male archdukes alike, their genders allowing them no knowledge regarding the truth of this woman who once was man.The fact that the prostitute as well as the arch duke accepts Orlando leads also to the idea that class barriers are as superficial as the ones that separates the sexes—which renders them complicated but superable. Orlando himself declares that he feels attached to the low born, but when he goes to live among the gypsies, he realizes he does share some of the appreciations of the higher classes. This gives the idea that just as human nature transcends gender, so it also transcends class.This idea is reflected too in Sons and Lovers. Paul is also akin to the common people and tells his mother this when she expresses the desire for him to rise to a higher class. This mother, who had accepted a lower position in marrying Mr. Morel, has found little happiness in the descent. Lawrence writ es this in a letter to a friend: â€Å"a woman of character and refinement goes into the lower class, and has no satisfaction in her own life† (â€Å"Letter,† 28). Still, judging from his mother’s desire and that of Miriam who â€Å"hated her position as a swine girl† (Sons and Lovers, 137), it is put forth that the luxuries of the higher class were still (perhaps naturally) desirable to humans.Remarkably, the authors hit upon similar themes in two vastly different types of novels. Orlando, a fantastic piece written by Virginia Woolf, presents theories about gender, class and sexuality that show them to be complex and therefore not as easily defined as convention would have it. D. H. Lawrence’s more realistic tale is able to touch upon these issues as well. The novels challenge both reality and belief by depicting the characters with plausible emotions in their situations. Even in the case of Orlando, the handling of relationships rings authentic i n both his period as a man and as a woman. The class situations and the expressions of sexuality also assist in demonstrating that the complicated nature of the human being transcends barriers of sex and class.Works CitedGruber, Ruth. Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman. New York: Carroll and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Graf, 2005.Lawrence, D. H. â€Å"Letter to Edward Garnett, 19 November 1912.† D. H. Lawrence’s Sons    and Lovers: A Casebook. Eds. John Worthen and Andrew Harrison. Oxford:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oxford UP, 2005.Lawrence, D. H. Sons and Lovers. New York: Signet, 1985.Woolf, Virginia. Orlando: A Biography. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 1995.

A Man’s Character Is His Fate to What Extent Is Othello’s Own Character?

‘A man’s character is his fate. ’ To what extent is Othello’s own character the cause of his downfall? According to Aristotle’s Poetics, a classical tragic hero should be renowned and prosperous, superior in some specific way, so that the reversal of fortunes or downfall, stirs up feelings within the audience of a greater intensity. Such disastrous results are often triggered by the mistake of the tragic hero due to their tragic flaw or hamartia, which is often linked to hubris or excessive pride.In Shakespeare’s Othello, as a General of the Venetian army, Othello meets these criteria, as his mistake is to trust ‘honest Iago’ and convince himself that revenge upon Desdemona will lead to honour and success. In fact, as with most tragic heroes, it is this decision which leads to his destruction. However, it is important to consider whether Othello’s ruin was the inevitable result of the defects in his character or whether the re were other forces, outside of his control, which led him to his doom.If it is solely Othello’s hamartia which leads to his downfall, then it must be related to the change in his perception of Desdemona. In Act 1, when warned by Brabantio that Desdemona may also deceive Othello, Othello retorts passionately: ‘My life upon her faith! ’ The exclamation here demonstrates the dedication and trust that Othello feels towards his new wife, but by Act 3, Othello is already beginning to doubt her: ‘By the world,/ I think my wife by honest, and I think she is not’ (3. 3. 389).Shakespeare’s use of cosmic imagery when Othello swears illustrates the magnitude of Othello’s resentment at his own hesitation, as his judgement is usually impulsive, as in Aleppo, (5. 2. 361) when he knew immediately to ‘smote him thus’, as he was certain of his enemy, but in this case, doubt has impaired his vision and he is unsure who to trust: his new wif e or ‘honest Iago’. Othello’s peripeteia occurs when he decides to trust Iago; however, the audience are surprised at this decision, as it is unclear what has changed his perception of Desdemona so that he condemns her as ‘that cunning whore of Venice’ (4. . 88). Some critics are of the opinion that it is jealousy that has clouded his judgement thus, and argue that this must be his hamartia. However, it is equally possible that Shakespeare has given Othello the ‘fitness of character’ that Aristotle stated was an important feature of a tragic hero, as his true hamartia may be his value of the honour-shame culture which existed among European Elizabethan warriors, and is linked to the hubris common in tragic heroes.It can be argued that the shame induced by the idea of his wife’s unfaithfulness results in his downfall, which Shakespeare expresses through animalistic imagery: ‘I had rather be a toad/ And live upon the vapour of a dungeon/ Than keep a corner in the thing I love/ For others’ uses’. Therefore, Desdemona’s murder becomes an act of sacrificial love: ‘A murder which I thought a sacrifice’ (5. 2. 64) as he feels that ‘else she’ll betray more men. Perhaps it is for this reason that, in his death scene, Othello says: ‘For naught I did in hate, but all in honour’ (5. 2. 301) and calls himself ‘An honourable murderer’. Either way, possible flaws like these suggest that Othello’s downfall was his own doing as such traits may have driven him to trust Iago and murder Desdemona, actions which in his anagnorisis led to extreme suffering, and caused him to commit suicide. Alternatively, Othello’s impulsive and passionate nature could also have contributed to his downfall, as this may have been his hamartia.This would fit the necessary ‘consistency’ outlined by Aristotle, as the same passion and instantaneou s response can be found in his reaction to Brabantio in scene 1 as in the later scenes, in his immediate reaction to Iago’s suggestive statements. At first Othello responds calmly: ‘Why dost thou ask? ’But the more evasive Iago is of such questions, the more it riles Othello and Shakespeare uses cosmic imagery when Othello swears such as ‘By heaven, I’ll know thy thoughts’ to demonstrate the value that Othello assigns to Iago’s opinions.When Iago eventually suggests that Desdemona is dishonest, Othello trusts Iago to ‘Give [him] the ocular proof’ (3. 3. 361), and some critics may argue that this rash decision to trust Iago is proof that Othello is impulsive, causing him to make foolish decisions. It is for this reason that he accepts Iago’s story of Cassio’s dream as the ‘ocular proof’ even though Iago admits ‘’Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream’; Othello immediately reacts: ‘I’ll tear her all to pieces! ’ (3. 3. 433).Shakespeare then uses dark and malignant imagery to show Othello’s passionate rage with phrases such as ‘Arise black vengeance’ and ‘tyrannous hate! ’ Such imagery would have been significant to an Elizabethan audience, as they considered the colour white to symbolise purity and goodness, whereas black had strong connotations of the devil, evil and uncleanness, thus highlighting the wickedness in Othello’s disposition. Therefore, this can be used as evidence that Othello was only convinced byIago’s improbable suggestions because he was led by passion and impulse, being ‘Perplexed in the extreme’ by rage, instinctively trusting Iago. The motif of blood that Shakespeare includes supports this: ‘O, blood, blood, blood! ’ (3. 3. 452) as it has connotations of violence, therefore foreshadowing the violence of the final act, in which the motif is repeated by Desdemona: ‘Some bloody passion shakes your very frame’ showing the connection between Othello’s hamartia and Desdemona’s murder.On the other hand, it can be argued that Othello’s downfall was not his own doing. In Act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare first suggests that Othello truly doubts Desdemona when he says, ‘And yet how nature erring from itself-’ (3. 3. 229) because he thinks that being white, Desdemona would prefer a white man like Cassio to himself. Such racial insecurities are highlighted in Othello’s character throughout the play, and may be the reason behind the pains that he takes to impress people through his speech and experiences.However this line implies that Othello’s doubt in Desdemona were the result of racial insecurities, and whilst they could be singular to him, the prejudices that existed against ‘Moors’ in the Elizabethan era, and in the play suggest otherwise. Queen Elizabeth com plained in 1601 of the â€Å"great numbers of Negars and Blackamoors which are crept into this realm,† 1 a feeling also expressed in the play when Othello is condemned as an ‘old black ram’ (1. 1. 89) and a ‘Barbary horse’ (1. 1. 111). Such animalistic metaphors emphasise the low opinion that Elizabethans had of ‘Blackamoors’, which may have been the root of Othello’s downfall.Similarly, the unconventionality of Othello’s marriage to Desdemona rebelled against Elizabethan ideology, being ‘contrary to nature’ as critic Karen Newman put it, which presented an obstacle in itself. Their marriage broke the natural order causing chaos and consequently, as in most tragedies, this chaotic force had to be destroyed for order to be restored. Such ideals may be evidence that the couple’s ruin was inevitable, as to an Elizabethan audience, they symbolised the unnatural, chaotic force which must be overthrown.Alterna tively, it is equally possible that although Othello had many flaws, it was Iago who acted as a catalyst by exposing them, thus causing Othello’s downfall. Shakespeare frequently alludes to this through recurring motifs which show Iago’s power of corruption, the first of these being poison. For example, when plotting, Iago refers to poison when he says: ‘I’ll pour pestilence into his ear’ (2. 3. 346), and then in the final scene, Lodovico summarises the 3 corpses as ‘poisons sight’, thus demonstrating the link between Iago’s manipulation and the plight of Othello and those around him.Shakespeare builds upon this manipulation through the motif of turning, as Iago vows to ‘turn her virtue into pitch’ (2. 3. 350), in the same way that Othello turns ‘Turk’ through the metaphor in his final speech, ‘an turbaned Turk†¦ traduced the state†¦ And smote him thus’ (5. 2. 349-52), and is evide nce of Iago’s success in turning Othello from a General into an enemy of ‘the state’. Similarly, the black and white imagery of ‘virtue’ and ‘pitch’ is repeated by Othello himself when referring to Desdemona’s reputation: ‘begrimed and black/As mine own face. However, ‘begrimed’ implies that both characters are stained, but as Desdemona is innocent, and Othello’s inherited ethnicity determines his skin colour, the simile could relate to Iago’s manipulation, and the darkness that he has brought upon the couple. This is mirrored by the transformation of Othello’s language: formerly grand verse depicting his former successes becomes sinister and dark, with animalistic imagery of goats, monkeys, toads, and poisonous snakes, and diabolic metaphors for Desdemona such as ‘fair devil’, which liken his language to that of Iago.These changes are evidence of the vital role of Iago in Othel lo’s downfall, suggesting that Othello’s flaws, although numerous, may not have been fatal. It is for this reason that the phrase ‘Perplexed in the extreme’ in Othello’s final soliloquy, can take on a double meaning, as although Othello’s passionate emotions of jealousy, rage, and shame clouded his judgement, Iago’s ability to manipulate, which Shakespeare has emphasised through his use of repeated motifs and imagery, could have been the other vital factor.It was this combination that influenced Othello to make the fatal and mistaken decision that Iago’s suspicions were correct and believe that his honour would be regained if he took vengeance upon Desdemona. Iago was only successful because of Othello’s hidden flaws, but equally Othello’s flaws were deeply buried within him, allowing him to become a General of the Venetian army, proving that they were not fatal, but aroused by skilful manipulators like Iago. 1584 words Bibliography †¢1 = http://www. suite101. om/content/elizabeth-i-motives-for-expulsion-of-blackamoors-from-london-a248507 †¢A. C. Bradley (1904) Shakespearian Tragedy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan †¢Beard & Kent (2008) AQA AS English Literature B, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes †¢Marian Cox (2003) AS/ A-Level Student Text Guide, Othello, William Shakespeare Oxfordshire: Phillip Allan Updates †¢http://www2. cnr. edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics. html †¢http://www. britaininprint. net/shakespeare/study_tools/race. html †¢William Shakespeare (2003) Othello Edited by Norman Sanders Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

LAW - Essay Example 2. Your LAW1100 essay should use at least 6 to 10 quality academic reference sources (i.e. in terms of LAW1100 requirements, texts and journal articles – see LAW1100 on campus Essay Preparation Kit (2011), page 19). This essay has 6 quality academic reference sources (in determining the number of quality academic reference sources for LAW1100 purposes, add up the total number of end references and subtract those which are not texts or journal articles; do not include the number of cases in this count – see point 4 below). 3. Your LAW1100 essay should cite your end reference sources (collectively) on at least 30 occasions in the body of your essay (see LAW1100 on campus Essay Preparation Kit, page 20). This essay has 30 in-text reference entries. (in determining the number of in-text references used, count the number of times your end reference sources have been cited in-text in total – note that a few of your reference sources will likely be cited in-text more of ten than others; do not include the number of cases in this count – see point 4 below). 4. Your LAW1100 essay should use at least 8 to 10 case authorities (see LAW1100 on campus Essay Preparation Kit, page 17). ... SAY ASSIGNMENT (DUE MONDAY WEEK 8) Law of Negligence: Duty of Care An essay by __________________________ (your name) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2.0 Background†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3.0 Duty of Care for Negligent Acts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 4 3.1 Historical Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 3.2 Contemporary Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 3.2. 1 Reasonable foreseeability †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 3.2.2 Analogies – recognized duties of care †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3.2.3 Neighbourhood factors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 4.0 Duty of Care for Negligent Advice †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 4.1 Development of the law †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦... 9 4.2 Shaddock test, reliance and assumption of responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 5.0 Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5.1 Duty to prove duty of care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................ 9 5.2 Breach of contract†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 6.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 7.0 End References and Table of Cases †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Law of Negligence: Duty of Care 1.0 Introduction The duty of care is a duty which is often assumed to be incumbent upon each and every person for as long as he deals and he relates with other people. This duty can sometimes be neglected and

Economics of Border Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The artistic relationship between Edgar Degas and Mary Cassatt - Essay Example It was due to her burning passion for art that prompted her to persuade her father to allow her to go to Europe and start her painting career. It was during one of his visits to the salon that Degas saw a painting by Cassatt. Later when they met, he introduced her to the group of artists called The French Impressionists. From this point, an artistic as well as a personal relationship developed between the two artists. Various critics and observers as well as close friends point out that Cassatt’s work was an inspiration of Degas, while Degas relied on her for postures and critics1. To find out the relationship between the two artists, this paper will analyze some of the works by the two artists as well as critic’s thoughts and ideas about their relationship. At the start of her career in France, Cassatt greatly admired the works of Degas and several other artists from the impressionists group. She was mostly impressed by the modernity and the colorfulness of the picture . The freedom and independence in which the artists did their painting captivated her. When their relationship flourished, Degas helped her not only adopt the fresh colors that were central to the new impressionism, but also the light effects that created the picture of modernity paintings. Moreover, Degas’s use of Japanese woodcuts and etchings molded Cassatt to a great printmaker as she constantly borrowed the art from him, making her an equal innovator just like him. Although Degas was classified as an impressionist, he never adopted the color fleck characterized by the impressionists. Instead, he was a classical artist, who was inspected by the wars and their tombs, which he expressed through paintings. On her part, Cassatt’s work was a blend of modernity and classics, especially the manner in which she looked at things, passionately and with compassion2. The impressionists were a group of artists who used color and light to paint that saw the revolution of the mod ern form of painting among the people, a departure from the traditional way of painting. Initially, it was developed by artists from Paris who did not embrace the idea of following painting standards set by the government. They did not have to present their work to the salon in front of a judge who would determine whether they met the standards or not3. Mostly, they painted about modernity and the issues facing the society around them, without the usual allure of traditionalism in the paintings. Critics point out that before she met these artists, Cassatt was experiencing a hard time with her painting career as she used to express it openly. Two of her paintings had been rejected by the judge, which left her devastated and desperate. In what appeared to have been the revolution of her career was her meeting with Degas. She acknowledged that she felt alive when she made the discovery of the impressionists. The two artists were drawn closer by similar ideologies that they shared, espe cially their resentment for the salon and love for modern paintings. The sharing of a common artistic sensibilities and interests by the two artists propelled the growth and development of their working relationship that lasted for forty years. They both shared a similar background, as they all came from upper-class of the rich. Due to this, their works portrayed a form of resemblance and similarity in their thinking and settings. In addition to paintings of each other, some of which

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Interracial Friendships - Coursework Example Several, if not most of the dilemmas and challenges confronted by partners in an intercultural romantic relationship are indefinable, such as communication dilemmas with each other and with both parties’ loved ones, the approval or blessings of their immediate families, gender stereotypes, individual aspirations and values, rearing children, and the notion of the nuclear family vis-à  -vis the extended family. Hence, the concern is where to initiate in deciphering the intricacies of intercultural romantic relationships and build up harmony within two very different cultures. The response to this concern is difficult to figure out and will most definitely differ from one intercultural relationship to the next; nevertheless, the fundamental notions are both plain and simple, namely, education, wisdom, communication, respect, and tolerance. Computer-mediated communication can facilitate intercultural relationships mainly through the Internet which provides another perspective and means for people to communicate and meet with unfamiliar people for the first time, set off meaningful and pleasurable discussions or conversations, and construct secure, long-term intercultural relationships, comparable to face-to-face interactions. Through regular and far-reaching verbal communication of social information, couples interacting on the Internet could vigorously commit in self-disclosure and strengthen intimacy and ties. However, CMC could also hinder a good intercultural relationship because of the inherent ambiguities that come from communication technologies such as the Internet. There are things, such as emotional and facial expression, that are important in building a strong intercultural relationship that only a face-to-face interaction can facilitate. Popular culture is the assemblage of concepts, ideas, notions that are popular, trendy or widespread and create the dominant culture. These ideas are profoundly manipulated by mass media.  

'BP plc' Analysis report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

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A metaphor is a literary Essay Example for Free

A metaphor is a literary Essay A metaphor is a literary device that is used by writers as a descriptive alternative to the use of adjectives, similes or other methods to describe the nature of the object described. Metaphors describe an item as if it were another item, drawing parallels between the subject of the description and the object actually being described. (Sucham, 7) In writing about organizations, there is a standard set of metaphors typically engaged. As organizations are typically complex systems, the use of metaphor to describe their design and process is a common tool for elucidation of the subject. (Sucham, 8) Commonly, the metaphor applied to organizations is that of the living organism. (Sucham, 8) It is possible to draw parallels between many of the elements of a living being and those of an organization, such as a large business. (Sucham, 9) The central component of any complex organism is the brain. (Levine, 244) The brain is responsible for receiving the environmental and internal input from the organism and its surroundings, formulating functional explanations for the phenomena, plotting a course of action, and conveying the instructions to the other parts of the organism to execute. (Levine, 245) In a large organization, the brain is represented by the company’s president and/or board of directors. (Levine, 245) Like the brain of the organism, this element of the organization receives and interprets information, formulates plans, and issues directives throughout the organization. (Levine, 246) As in an organism, any damage or defect in the brain will severely damage the functionality of the organization. (Levine, 246) As blood is the essential element of the circulatory system, so is money essential to the organization. (Blunck, 422) Like blood, money must flow into and out of the various parts of the organization in order to ensure their health. (Blunck, 423) An interruption of blood flow can compromise organs in an organism; an interruption of capital can do the same for an organization. (Blunck, 423) As is the case with the organization, in most organisms, a disproportionate amount of blood is required to maintain the brain. (Blunck, 424) A marketing division of a company acts as the sensory input mechanism for an organization. (Blunck, 426) Like the eyes and other senses, market research gives the executive â€Å"brain† important information about its environment. (Blunck, 426) The marketing department can produce information about what elements in the organizational environment are, or could potentially cause harm to the organization. (Blunck, 427) Similarly, the senses offer the brain information about environmental threats or opportunities for advantage or growth. (Blunck, 427) Like the senses, the marketing department of an organization can be a key element in targeting important priorities for the organization. (Blunck, 427) In communicating these observations and findings to the brain/executive, marketing can give useful information as to the course of action most beneficial for the organization or company. (Blunck, 428) Human resources and training departments can serve an organization in a manner similar to how the digestive system serves an organism. (Blunck, 429) Like the digestive system, HR takes material from outside the organization and brings it to the inside of the organization. The department is vital in ensuring that those items taken into the organization will help build it to be strong and healthy. (Blunck, 430) The HR system also expels waste and armful elements from the organizational body by terminating the employment of unusable or toxic personnel. (Blunck, 430) Training is another component of the HR digestive track. Training takes the raw components taken in by HR and shapes them into products that can be of immediate and direct use to the organizational organisms. In organizations, as in organisms, a great deal of conversion is necessary to turn the â€Å"food† of the organism into the nutritional components that contribute to the growth and health of the organization. (Blunck, 430) The Information Technology department of any organization acts as the central nervous system. A complicated and often delicate structure, IT is vital in the area of communication within the organization. (Blunck, 431) As in an organism, IT or nerve failure can result in negative consequences that can be as trivial as minor discomfort in a small area, or as massive as corporate paralysis. The decision-makers in an organization rely upon the information conducted to it by the IT nervous system, and are unlikely to act in the absence of information. (Blunck, 431) If they choose to do so, the results are often catastrophic. A breakdown of the nervous system can similarly cause the components of an organism to behave in a destructive or non-productive manner. (Blunck, 431) Nerve damage can result not only in paralysis, but also in flailing, intermittent shutdowns, and other destructive activities to the organism. As a metaphor for a large organization, the living organism is useful and apt. Certainly, as with any literary device, it is possible to abuse the metaphor to the extent that it no longer applies, but in the case of the organization, the interaction of the components and parts is sufficiently complex to be described as an organism. (Sucham, 12) Successful organizations, like healthy organisms, rely upon a delicate balance and good performance of several elements, each of these vital to the â€Å"health† of the overall construct. Work Cited Blunck, P. (1994) â€Å"From a Rational Structure to a Socio-Technical System: A Whole-Mind Metaphor for Organizational Change†. A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 51, No. 4. Pg. 422-431. 1994 Levine, D. (1995) â€Å"The Organism Metaphor in Sociology† Social Research, Vol. 62, No. 2. pg. 244-271. 1995. Suchan, J. (1995) â€Å"The Influence of Organizational Metaphors on Writers Communication Roles and Stylistic Choices† The Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 32, No. 1. pg. 7- 13. 1995

The Inferno And The Perfection Of Gods Justice Religion Essay

The Inferno And The Perfection Of Gods Justice Religion Essay The Inferno was written in the early fourteenth century by Italian politician Dante Alighieri, the book is the first part of the epic poem the Divine Comedy and it is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The book Inferno, which is the Italian translation for Hell, narrates the journey of its author through what he believes is Hell, consisting of nine circles of suffering underneath the earth. In his journey Dante is guided through the nine regions by the poet Virgil, who represents Human Reason, each circle in the book represents a different type of sin with a different type of punishment, varying according to the degree of offense they committed in life. In his trip through every one of these circles, Dante realizes and emphasizes the perfection of Gods Justice and the seriousness of each offense towards the creator of all life. Certainly, Dante as a Christian realizes the perfection of Gods justice; he is able to create a connection between a souls sin on Earth and the punishment he or she receives in Hell. In Inferno, Dante explains that God created Hell by justice, a specific example of this, might be when he was entering the Gates of Hell, he read on the entrance of the gate the sign that said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Sacred Justice moved my Architect I was raised here by the Divine Omnipotence (Alighieri Canto III, 5) undoubtedly, attributing the creation of Hell to God and his divine justice, and Gods divine justice is exactly what shapes Dantes nine circles of Hell and their punishments, depending on the severity of the sin, the soul is send farther away from God and closer to the Devil. In addition, Dante is conscious of the qualities of God, first that He is just, according to the Bible in Exodus 34:7, He will by no means clear the guilty also that He is merciful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦For God is love(Kershaw 1 John 4:8) and, in accordance with the Bible, it is also stated that Gods Justice is described as fair, when people receive justice, they receive the penalty they deserve, or they are repaid for the damages done to them, in the bible, justice is related to the Law of Moses, which the Lord gave to the people of Israel as a gift for their protection and well being in the Old Testament of the Bible(Justice). Psalms 96: 13 tells us that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He [God] is coming to judge all people on earth with fairness and truth.(Kershaw) No doubt, Dante praises Gods justice in Hell O Sovereign Wisdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.How justly doth Thy power judge and assign!(Alighieri Canto XIX, 10-13) however, he will still along his journey show pity for the souls,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦how could I check my tears, when near at hand I saw the image of humanity distortedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Certainly I weptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Alighieri Canto XX, 21), and fear to Gods punishmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and there we saw what fearful arts the hand of Justice knowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Alighieri Canto XIV, 17), projecting to the reader an image of a vengeful and cruel God, who was punishing harshly all those sinners, these reactions from Dante makes Virgil scold Dante assuring him that Gods justice is divine and perfect. Who is more impious than one who dares to sorrow at Gods Judgment?(Alighieri Canto XX, 30).Therefore, as consequence of the magnitude of the offenses that are being punished in Hell, it is understandable that Dante depicts Hell as a place of perpetual pain and suffering. Starting on the Dark Wood, the Perfection of Gods Justice revolves around the entire journey of Dante. In the first circle with all the non-Christian adults in addition to unbaptized infants, Dante depicts the mercy and justice of God, many of the great heroes, thinkers and creative minds of ancient Greece such as Homer, Horace and Lucan are located in this circle, although they do not suffer, because of the honor and merits they gained in Earth and Heaven, they are hopeless and cannot gain their way into heaven, yet some of the major figures from the Hebrew Bible, according to Virgil, were liberated by Jesus following his crucifixion. In the second circle, Dante analyzes the power of love over desire; He describes God as merciful and caring, but Gods justice is more important, the lustful are located in this circle, they are the first ones to be truly punished in Hell, the souls are blown about to and fro by the terrible winds of a violent storm, without hope of rest. From the souls that are being punish here, Dante concludes that love should not be confused with sexual desires, even if the line that separates both of them seems really thin. Furthermore in the third circle are place those that are given out to carnal desires too, the gluttons who are to forced to lie in a vile slush produced by ceaseless foul. In this circle Virgil tells Dante that the souls trapped here will not rise again until the Day of the Final Judgment where he also describes God as just and fair à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on which the host shall come to judge all menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Alighieri, Canto VI,90). In the fourth circle the Hoarders and the Wasters, are being punished according to their sins in the same circle, they are carrying enormous weights, rolling them at one another, then in haste they rolled them back, and start all over again creating a vicious cycle. In this region Dante starts to feel pity for those souls and is shocked for the first time at the power of Gods justice. In the fifth circle are the two forms of anger located, the anger that is expressed and the one that is repressed, Gods Justice in this region is seen when Philippo Argenti is attacked by the other souls after he tried to grab Dante, much to Dantes liking, and when God sends his angel to open the gates of Dis. Dante learns from Virgil that as the story progresses himself has been less inclined toward pity, and thus the text asserts the infinite wisdom of divine justice, where sinners receive their punishment in perfect proportion to their sin and to pity their suffering is to demonstrate a lack of under standing. In level six begins a much more serious descent into the realm where the sins turn into more severe and the punishments are harsher. In this area are located the heretics, they are tormented in fiery tombs because of their denial of the souls immortality when they were alive, showing the reader once more how the seriousness of the offense towards God decides how He proportionally assigns the punishment. In the seventh circle, are located the violent, these sinners are separated in three forms, given that each kind of violence is different to the creator, one are the violent toward others, for example killing someone, these souls are punished in a river of blood, another are the violent against themselves, these are the ones that commit suicide, they are punished more painfully than the previous sinners, they change into trees and they can only speak if a limb is broken off and they bleed, as in life they sought relief through pain, they are now suffering in Hell and are constantly being hurt seeking relief. The third group of violent sinners, are the violent against God, these souls are the most painfully tormented souls of the group of violent, the blasphemers, sodomites and the usurers are placed on a burning plain while they are tormented by a rain of fire from heaven ceaselessly. Consecutively, the eight circle is basically full of malice and forethought , the majority of the souls that are located in this circle are evil and when they were alive they knew they were being evil, and did nothing to change their ways, therefore the seducers, panderers, simoniacs, fortune tellers and diviners, grafters, thieves, hypocrites, evil counselors, sowers of discords and falsifiers are place in this level, most of them serve painful punishments, Dante permits the reader to observe the perfection of Gods justice, because even when all these souls are in the same circle, they are punish in accordance to the severity of their sins. For instance, the fortune tellers and diviners are permitted to walk only with their heads backwards; the evil counselors are sentenced to walk inside a flaming tongue and the thieves are bitten by snakes and burst into flames until ashes remain, and from the ashes the sinner reforms painfully. As Dante gradually descents through every level of Hell, he finally finds himself in the ninth circle, this is the last circle and the most evil of all, the traitors and the Devil are located here, Dante divides this level in four regions, the Caina, the Antenora, Ptolomea and Judecca. The Caina is named after the biblical Cain, who was the first son of Adam and Eve, and who killed his brother out of envy (Kershaw Genesis 4 1-17). The second region is Antenora, is named for the Trojan prince Antenor, one of those in favor of returning Helen to the Greeks for the good of Troy, the third zone is Ptolomea, this region is named after the captain of Jericho, Ptolemy, who murdered his guests while they were being honored, and finally the last region is Judecca, Dante chooses this name because of Judas Iscariot, the apostle who betrayed Jesus the Son of God. In this circle Divine Justice doesnt have exceptions, because whether they betrayed their families, country, guests or the Son of God, they are all encased in ice, however their punishment is proportional, some of the souls are covered up to their necks, others up to their eyes, only Judas is covered up to his head completely in ice. Nevertheless, we cant evade the fact that Gods justice in the Inferno is created by a medieval mans intellect, and that his point of view on Divine Justice is influenced by his religious views, however, Dante, during his journey changes his attitude and he finally starts to observe the perfection of Gods Justice, he acknowledges how Divine Justice doesnt punish the souls in Hell harshly and cruelly, but the punishment is definitely a mirror of their sins, which ironically creates an eternal torment for the hopeless souls trapped in Hell. In conclusion, Divine Justice takes many forms in Dantes work, but each punishment is proportional to the seriousness of the souls crime, Dante started his journey feeling compassion toward the sinners and fearing Gods Justice, he descends through the nine circles of Hell, where he reflects, and begins to acknowledge the Perfection of Gods Justice. Each of the levels is different; the souls are punished according to the gravity of their offenses toward God, after Dante reaches Cocytus, which is the center of Hell, He continues to the Purgatory. The Inferno is only the first part of Dantes Masterpiece The Divine Comedy, and it is in this journey through Hell where Dante realizes the perfection of Gods justice, he will later experience in Heaven Divine Grace from God himself. Works Consulted Alighieri, Dante. The Inferno. New York, New York: NAL PENGUIN INC, 1954. 288. Print. This book describes Dantes visit to the lower realms of the next world BCC Writing Lab. Writing a Literary Analysis. Bellevue College, n.d. Web. 17 May 2010. . This source explains how a literary analysis should be written; it provides examples of different works and discusses how a thesis should be written. Birky, Beth. Literature and writing essay resources Analyzing a passage. Literary Analysis Guide. Goshen College, 08 2009. Web. 24 May 2010. . This source discusses ways to analyzed a literature piece and helps you to show more understanding of the text that is being read. Cachey, Theodore, and Louis Jordan. Renaissance Dante in Print. Main Exposition of Dantes Renaissance. Universtity of Notre Dame, n.d. Web. 17 May 2010. . This exhibition presents Renaissance editions of Dantes Divine Comedy from the Zahm, Dante Collection at the University of Notre Dame. This exhibit constitutes essential primary sources for both the history of Dantes reception during the Renaissance and the early history of the printed book. Cruz, Kristen. Literary Genres. List defines each of the genres included in Recommended Literature: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve. California Department of Education, 30 Nov 2009. Web. 17 May 2010. . This source provides a brief description of all literary genres, does not offer links or details; additional sources needed Dantes Inferno. Dantes World. University of Texas at Austin, n.d. Web. 17 May 2010. . This source is an integrated multimedia journeycombining artistic images, textual commentary, and audio recordingsthrough the three realms of the afterlife (Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise) presented in Dantes Divine Comedy. Justice. American Bible Society. American Bible Society, 2010. Web. 17 May 2010. . This web site discusses the definition of Gods Justice according to the bible Kershaw, Simon. Bible The New Revised Version. Oremus Bible Browser. Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America, 03 Mar 2008. Web. 17 May 2010. This source provides information about the bible with some verses helpful to comparing Gods Justice in the bible to Dantes book. MHS Composition Guide. Philosophical and Religious: The religious and ethical climate influences writers and their texts. Merryville School, n.d. Web. 17 May 2010. . This source provides basic descriptions of a variety of criticism techniques Wiehardt, Ginny. Types of Characters. Types of characters in Fiction. About.com Guide, n.d. Web. 17 May 2010. . This source provides the information we need to know about every type of character we need to know as we study literature

Leadership capabilities: An analysis

Leadership capabilities: An analysis Leadership: ‘Leader a word which makes a normal human being into a famous personality (locally, nationally, internationally). Many authors express their views on leadership like. ‘A leader is one who selects, equips, trains, and influences one or more followers who have diverse gifts, abilities, and skills and focuses the follower to the organizations mission and objectives causing the follower(s) to willingly and enthusiastically expend spiritual, emotional, and physical energy in a concerted coordinated effort to achieve the organizational mission and objectives.(Bruce E.winston,2006:7). Here he says that leader, who selects an individual who had diverse abilities, tastes, culture and skills for particular task to be completed in a way that he trains, motivates and influences him with his skills. This type of leadership is seen in many personalities, An example is Sir Stuart Rose CEO of Marks and Spencer, who follows democratic type of leadership style in his decisions but makes autocratic style of leadership in terms of his short term achievements. He established good relations between employees and his other colleagues. ‘Effective leaders arent born, they are made. And they are made just like anything else, through hard work. And that the price well have to pay to achieve that goal, or any goal (Vince Lombardi, American football coach). Sir Stuart Rose was first joined Marks Spencer in 1972 as a management trainee then he took many stages in profession in many companies and presently CEO of Marks Spencer. This is how to compare the definition of Vince with Rose career, that if he was born leader then he could have given the high position in any sector but day by day he had developed the companys fame by the time he was CEO, Marks Spencer was low in profits and was going private. Increasing profits introducing new thoug hts like plan A, for which he became the chairman of business in the community (BIC). Criterion of Leadership: Behavioural theory of leadership defines that successful leadership is rooted in definable, learnable behaviour; any one can become leaders or learn leadership qualities by teaching and observation. This behavioural theory is a good tool for many people, basing on this we in our group had discussed few criterions for leadership. Professional-friendly: In this criteria a leader should be professional-friendly in terms of task so that follower can achieve the task successfully, so that he can deal a task with them correctly and can give good guidance. Vision: Basically a good leader has to understand the culture and value of the organization, then he can work hard to communicate their vision over the organization at all levels. He should have clear-cut idea of understanding that their vision will be successful in any situation. Motivation: Every human in this world has different cultures in terms of behaviour, feelings and many more, so that their commitment to particular task is different at this instance motivation is a tool which can boost their activities (performance), and finally this can yield fruitful results in any task. Individual consideration (Responsibility): Leader should take the responsibility of particular task at any situation with out depending on his followers. Here is an example which gives an idea of having individual consideration of a lady. In 1989 Melissa, a fourth-grader in Nashville, Tennessee in USA, she was felt responsible about the pollution in her country and felt that what could be her countries position when she grows old, then she began writing letters to president and local politicians like mayor, congressmen and senators, she had no response from any one, but she was called up the local television channel and did an on-camera commentary. Melissa also started a club called Kids F.A.C.E (kids for a clean environment) which could help then in planting trees, picking up litter. Starting with just six members at her elementary school, kids F.A.C.E. grew to more than more than 5,00,000 members with 22 countries. Feeling responsible even at age 9 and became a leader this shows that age doesnt matter. Since she took responsibility of a task and led it for huge level at different countries. (James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner, The truth about leadership 2010:2) Communication: The most important criteria for a leader, for giving a task to his followers he has to communicate in a proper way so that followers has to get the task which is to be done. It is also a way of ascendancy for his followers. Flexibility: When many issues hit at once, handle more than one problem at once, this is a perfect behaviour of a leader. For example Sir Stuart Rose was the chief executive officer of Marks and Spencer he had to deal with many sectors in a limited period of time, he made the organization (Marks and Spencer) better in terms of profits and fame, he made flexible. Teamwork: It is leaders responsibility to understand each and every one is from different culture and have different behaviour, human relationship and functions and bring them in and make a unity and perform teamwork. This is called as unity in diversity. Respect for others: Do not belittle (under estimate) the opinions and work of the other people regardless of their status (profession). Emotional Intelligence: ‘Abilities such as being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations; to control impulse and delay gratification; to regulate ones moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think ; to empathize and to hope.(Mullins 2010:144). Emotional intelligence is able to think and handle the situations in frustrations. A leader should have this criteria because to lead the team successfully. Feedback with my strengths and weakness: Every one has strengths and weakness at his style in any of his own talents. Here is 360 degree feed back from my friends in my style of leadership along with my strengths and weakness to improve my effectiveness of my leadership. Motivation is a driving tool in achieving goals, I do like motivating people because every human is unique and they do mistakes and dont get positive result at single attempt( this is not in every ones talent, I do take in few cases) rather than discouraging is it important to motivate or encourage them. Responsibility (individual consideration), emotional intelligence. Here is an example for my emotional intelligence and responsibility, in my group professor gave an topic on delegation, so we were discussed and chose a person from my group as leader but the person was unable to speak then I took the responsibility and spoke few points about it( in Allitt Malcolms class in S3 batch). Flexible with group, this factor makes good use of comfort with individuals when performing as group and can communicate as well for different task to be completed. Respect for others, this is an good point for expressing ones capability, There is a famous telugu saying that even a grass comes out by bursting the land, so every one has individual thoughts and ideas so that a leader has to respect others. From my feedback its a point that I lack team work capabilities at situational times for example, if any professor gives a task to be completed in few minutes then I do my work independently. They say I am not a good listener, when I am listening my mind wanders for unnecessary thoughts and put me out of the class or any subject which makes me lack of confidence and feel depressed which is also a negative skill given by my friends in my feedback. Day by day every human learns a bit compared with the past, me comparing with the past days I learnt much in my Master of business administration (MBA). Being involved in group activities, taking responsibility, I am doing my best to improve the skills to be a good leader or at least be a good learner Conclusion: Though I have many positive qualities like communication, responsibility, emotional intelligence, motivation and lack in some skills like teamwork, not good listener, feel depressed for which I have to improve. In the leading in changing world every thing is not constant we have to grow as the world tends to modern. Personal Narrative Essay Outline: Anonymity on the Internet Personal Narrative Essay Outline: Anonymity on the Internet The right to anonymity over the Internet must be guaranteed to people due to the Fourth Amendment and the Supreme Court, and only information which people explicitly agree to offer can be accessed. People must be guaranteed anonymity over the Internet so they can voice insights and opinions, a right given by the First Amendment, freely without fear of persecution or danger. My father was a vocal critic of Woodbridge Townships (where we used to live) to cut spending from its middle schools, thus vastly reducing the capabilities of sports and extracurricular activities he voiced his concerns about the well-being of the students on an Internet blog, which gathered the following of many town residents and parents after several blog posts, he found that the township was attempting to gain a subpoena against the blog website seeking to identify my father, who blogged under an unrevealing username my fathers lawyer friend informed if that if the township succeeded in gaining a subpoena, my father might be persecuted the township failed in gaining the subpoena due to a similar case ruled before, Manapalan v. Moskovitz Judge Flynn ruled that, I recognize there are First Amendment issues with the past administrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anyone has a right to make their feelings clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and first of all the bloggerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as a right not to be drawn into the litigation and forced to reveal identity or to impede on his or her First Amendment rights simply on a suspicion, however founded or unfounded. Had my fathers anonymity been breached, he might have suffered persecution for simply voicing his opinions: for this reason, anonymity must be guaranteed to Internet users to allow people to fully express their freedom of speech. Second body paragraph: Topic Sentence: If people are not guaranteed anonymity over the Internet, they can be severely blamed or persecuted for reasons they are not responsible for. Supporting evidence: -three years ago, when I was in eighth grade, I was unfairly blamed for posting something on the Internet my eighth grade history teacher had all of his students participate in an online class forum where everyone posts their ideas anonymously on sensitive topics such as abortion -I left my online account open at the library inadvertently and posted harmless jokes on the forum -my teacher somehow found out that the jokes were posted by me, probably by contacting the website administrator, and had the school administration suspend me for a day even though it was my fault for not signing off on my account, I was unjustly punished even though the jokes posted were detrimental to the learning process, it would have been better if Internet anonymity was upheld so that no one would have been punished unfairly Closing Statement: Granting Internet anonymity prevents people from being unjustly blamed or persecuted for actions they did not commit, even if the actions warranted probable cause as said in the Fourth Amendment. Internet anonymity allows people to establish their feelings on the Internet without creating unnecessary negative publicity, as can happen when peoples online identities are revealed. Virgil Griffith created the Wikipedia Scanner in 2007, a search tool that tracks Wikipedia entries back to their source IP addresses even though the Scanner can help prevent people from posting incorrect things, it can create unnecessary publicity for celebrities or government agencies posting entries for example, if a celebrity edits his or her own page on Wikipedia by adding a true fact that is at the same enhancing his or her image, the media will portray him or her in a negative light The right of the people to be anonymous over the Internet allows them to express their voice without creating publicity that they do not desire The right of anonymity over the Internet must be guaranteed and people should be allowed to access information only which others have explicitly agreed to. The Fourth Amendment and the rulings of the Supreme Court support Internet anonymity.

A Deeper Insight of “The Cask of Amontillado” Essays -- essays researc

A Deeper Insight of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is Edgar Allan Poe’s intense use of symbolism and irony throughout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† that establishes the short story as a candidate worthy of analysis. The skillful use of these devices are utilized by the author to create this horrific and suspenseful short story. Irony and symbolism in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† greatly effect the outcome of Fortunato’s well being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Cask of Amontillado† should be regarded as a slice of a horror story, which revolves around the theme of revenge and pride† (Levine 90). â€Å"Poe’s story is a case of premeditated murder. The reader becomes quickly aware of the fact that Montressor is not a reliable narrator, and that he has a tendency to hold grudges and exaggerate terribly, as he refers to the thousand of injuries that he has suffered at the hands of Fortunato† (Womack NP). The story relates a horrible revenge made even more horrible by the fact that the vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been given. Montressor is â€Å"one who will stop at nothing to get the revenge that he deems himself and his family worthy of, and another who's pride will ultimately be the catalyst for his death† (Benton 215).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Irony is a manner of expression through which words or events convey a reality different from and even opposite to appearance or expectation† (Juvante NP). The use of such devices in this sto...

Free Color Purple Essays: Recognition and Equality in The Color Purple :: Color Purple Essays

Recognition and Equality in The Color Purple The book, The Color Purple, by Alice Walker is a good example on how over the years women have been making remarkable strides towards achieving success, recognition and equality. From the day they began their closeness to each other, bringing unity in which they never quite used to get in progress of their high quality goal. Their particular goal was against greatest freedom of the man’s rights. It was hard to maintain due to them not be able to point to non-equality because they were treated like slaves. However it was simple to complete with victory. In the book there seem to be at a point where Celie has opened her eyes and starts her own business. She owns a business making pants that she established living in Shug's house. She makes custom pants for her family and then everyone wanted a pair. Through work, she has money and also she dressed well. Her business is booming and everyone is ordering pants from her. This also shows that element of pants. The pants of her business provide Celie with her own identify; now people see her as a master at something and not some housewife. It also shows Celie she has an identity and that she doesn’t have to live with men and do what they tell her. This gives her financial freedom as well. The business brought her into success in which she inherits the house she grew up in and feels even better because now she is living by herself and Nettie, her sister who lives in Africa can come with Celie’s children and her husband and stay with Celie. At this time happiness is ab out to go away since a message comes from the Ministry of Defense saying that Nettie’s ship sunk. This brought Celie loosing all her hope and feels like there is nothing to live for when she states: â€Å"Being alive begin to seem like a awful strain.† (Page. 262). However, then Cellie receives more letters from Nettie stating: â€Å"But one of these days I expect to see your face.† In conclusion, this shows that major success is happing and things are getting better. Nettie does end up coming to America and living with Cellie and therefore, this is a major success. A key role in the book seems to be a sense of

Testosterones Effects on Biology and Behavior Essay -- Hormones Sexua

Testosterone's Effects on Biology and Behavior Introduction The study of the interaction between hormones and behavior is truly a complex one. It would be simple if it were true that hormones directly cause a behavior. We know the relationship between hormones and behaviors is reciprocal. Higher levels of hormones increase the probability of certain behaviors, and certain behaviors increase the probability of change in hormones. The Biosocial Model was developed to encompass the influences and relationships the social environment, biology, and behavior have with one another, and how they interact to influence one another. Biology affects the type of behavioral response that a person has to the social environment. At the same time, that behavioral response is influencing the physiological reaction the body has to that stimulus. That environmental stimulus induces those behaviors that cause our body’s internal biology to react. Therefore, anyone of the three variables, social environment, behavior, or biology, can cause a change in the others. When applying this model to behavioral endocrinology, the relationship between hormones, behavior, and the social environment is examined. It is important to study these relationships to try and determine to what extent each factor affects the other. How much does testosterone influence aggression, or risk behaviors such as smoking, sexual promiscuity, or alcohol abuse? As researchers become closer to finding these answers, they become closer to finding out how to treat and council people on these types of activities. In this study, several hypotheses are made about the hormone testosterone, and it’s relationships to biology, health and social behaviors. On average, te... ... Also testosterone collections would need to be done in both genders when subjects are not sexually stimulated, while sexually stimulated, such as while watching a sexual video, and after stimulation. In this way the relationship between testosterone and sexual behavior might better be understood. For a study of aggression/antisocial behavior subjects (male and female) should be given a questionnaire pertaining specifically to hostile and rebellious behaviors. Collection of testosterone samples should be taken when subjects are at a baseline (not exposed to stimulation), when faced with a situation that might warrant aggression, such as an argument, and collected after the situation has ended. These types of studies could better equip researchers with an understanding of these relationships, as well as the relationships testosterone has with other behaviors.

Business and Administration Unit5

Unit five: Principles of supporting business events Assessment Section 1 – Understand how to support the organisation of a business event 1. When organising a business event, describe the range of support activities that may be required.Types of events and main features (formal meetings including board meetings and annual general meetings, semiinformal including team meetings or sales meetings, exhibitions and trade fairs, receptions, conferences); agreeing role and responsibilities to provide support activities required (clarifying purpose, type and size of event, identifying target audience and confirming numbers, planning tasks and resources); confirming venue with others 1 Organising a venue The venues for business events may be on the organisation’s premises.In most cases these will have to be reserved to ensure they are available at the required times. Sometimes the venues will have to be sourced externally. These will have to be checked in terms of their faciliti es and their cost. The aim is to find cost-effective venues that will make it possible to deliver a high-quality event. 2 Getting the appropriate equipment The equipment required will be determined by the size and type of event. Some typical examples include: computers and screens for PowerPoint presentations, sound systems, stages and portable toilets. 3 Arranging for speakers to attendFor some events, such as conferences and seminars, the speakers are the central feature. Finding the required speakers, checking their availability and fees and arranging for them to attend are all important aspects of many business events. 4 Sorting out food and drink For many events it is important that appropriate refreshments are provided. This may be something simple such as providing tea / coffee / water for a management meeting through to three-course meals for large numbers of people. Often people will have special dietary requirements that should be identified and catered for. Preparing docu mentation The lifeblood of many business events will be the many forms of documentation. These will include things such as: promotional brochures, invitations, menus, conference packs, itineraries and minutes. 2. Complete the table below by identifying two ways of providing support before, during and after a business event. |Before |During |After | |1. Providing administrative support |1. Administrative support (accurate |1.Vacating event (leaving venue clean | |(organising printing |note-taking, ensuring delegates have the |and tidy, returning or securing equipment | |and supply of any publicity material, |resources they need, ensuring delegates are | | |supporting documents or files, relevant |aware of location of event rooms and | | |meeting papers, travel instructions, |facilities, recording attendance and | | |informing relevant people of any |cancellations) | | |alterationsand changes in arrangements | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2. Organising appropriate venues (loca tion, |2. Health, safety and security support |2.Produce a record of the | |size, |(checking |meeting/event; circulating materials (meeting| |layout, time required for advance notice or |emergency procedures, housekeeping |minutes, evaluation forms, making sure these | |bookings, assessing facilities for parking, |arrangements, security of materials and |are within agreed timescales) | |catering; number and type of delegates, |equipment) | | |special requirements; venue checklist | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Section 2 – Understand the purpose of displaying professional and helpful behaviour whilst supporting a business event and how to do so 1. Explain the purpose of displaying professional and helpful behaviour when supporting a business event. Reasons for displaying professional and helpful behaviour to present a positive image of the organisation, to make visitors feel welcome,to ensure a successful event A more efficient and effective event Internal and external customers will be satisfied Resources are not wasted People will be more co-operativeLess conflict Greater likelihood of support for similar events in the future. 2. Describe ways of exhibiting professional and helpful behaviour whilst supporting a business event. Ways: greeting visitors, confirming names forregistration, making sure visitors have necessary materials, point out housekeeping arrangements, refer difficult queries to line manager In everyday life, people are observing the behaviour of others and forming theories and ideas about a person’s commitment, competence and character. They may experience the person face to face or experience the results of their efforts. These judgements will be made whether staff like it or not.The challenge for businesses and staff is to manage these judgements effectively and be as positive as possible, at all times. Some examples of positive qualities include: Appearance Clean Well groomed (eg hair, fingernails, hands) Clean clothes (in a style appropriate for the business) Polished shoes Perfume/aftershave not overpowering Non-verbal communication Smiling Making eye contact Looking attentive when an attendee is speaking Communication Speak clearly Speak at a sensible speed (not too quickly or too slowly) Listen carefully to answers Keep the attendee informed Behaviour Polite Friendly Attentive Professionalism and technical ability Deal with speakers and attendees promptlyEfficiently work through the event as appropriate, such as getting attendee details, completing paperwork, issuing badges and materials Effectively use technology such as telephone, computer and ticket systems Have a detailed knowledge of the event and being able to answer most people’s questions Section 3 – Understand how to deal with problems encountered when supporting a business event 1. What are the main types of problems that may occur when supporting a business event? You should include at least three different types of pr oblems in your answer. Late or absent attendees – If people turn up late then they may miss things such as registration or early parts of the event. Staff that are expected to move onto other roles are forced to wait for late attendees.If parts of an event are dependent on the participation of attendees these may be impossible to do or be less effective due to the smaller numbers. There are similar problems when people are absent and there may be further administrative costs of chasing up absent people after the event. Equipment problems Failure of audio visual equipment – For many events, such as conferences and concerts, a failure in the audio visual equipment will result in an inferior or failed event. Failure of computers / computer aided activities – Many events rely significantly upon computers. Activities such as ticketing and audio visual presentations are frequently dependent upon specialised hardware and software.Failure of kitchen equipment – I f the event requires catering then the failure of kitchen equipment may result in people not being properly refreshed and fed. Process problems The wrong people invited / the right people are not invited – If the wrong people are invited then it will be virtually impossible to achieve the objectives of an event. For example if the event aims to sell human resource management services then attendees should ideally be budget holders with control in human resource management areas of a business. If the attendees have other specialisms / do not hold relevant budgets then the event may have a reduced level of success. Special requirements overlooked – When organising an event it is important to ask about any special needs of the attendees.For example people may have limited mobility, be visually impaired or have dietary restrictions. Failure to acknowledge these needs may result in attendees having a very poor experience. Insufficient documentation / papers / delegate packs – Failure to get documents, paperwork and delegate packs right can undermine an event and deliver a poor service to delegates / attendees. This may be incorrect numbers, poor quality materials and incorrect delivery dates. 2. Identify possible solutions for each of the problems you have listed in Question 1 above. Prevention – from the outset, eliminate the chance of a problem occurring. Contingency plans – factor in a fallback plan to minimise disruption if things do go wrong.Flexible and calm response on the day – even if you're not calm on the inside, projecting a calm attitude can help keep other people's reactions in check The best way to deal with problems is to eliminate them from the beginning. If an event is well planned and organised then the scope for problems is significantly reduced. 1 Registrations Allowing people to register for events right there on your website can greatly boost attendance. The path a user has to take from discovering th e event to participating becomes that much shorter, which translates into a better user experience and more registrants. You will also need to be able to manage registrations through the back end. Registrants should be listed somewhere, with easy access to their details. Equipment problemsGood event management is about organising people to be in charge of individual areas of the event and that everyone knows what the plan is. This means making sure that things are kept to schedule and assisting or having backup plans if it falls behind. The best way to deal with problems is to eliminate them from the beginning. If an event is well planned and organised then the scope for problems is significantly reduced. There are some easy ways to reduce potential problems. Learn from previous events Get advice from experienced people Get advice from other sources Have colleagues review any plans Use proven and tested suppliers Use proven techniques for project planning Double-check things careful ly.

Management, Organisations and People Module Report Essay

IntroductionThe convey of this narrative is to yield an explanation to Mimi Vasquez vibrissa and beaut buss go up to draws and go on to search his birth to his kick the bucket root word and how they squander positive e realplace time. It will for the first time outline the methodological analysis utilizationd to conduct this report and thus go on to introduce the conductors and guideers and pardon how their electric current work powers birth actual over time. Subsequently, the report will get out an explanation to Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty directors approach to loss drawing cards and go on to explore his relationship to his work group. To conclude the report, thither will be a love near summary of what has already been menti integrityd and some limitations of the findings, methodology and related theories used in the report.The hit salon which was named after its motorcoach is in private give birthed and located in Chiswick in West London. In addit ion, it has devil other(a) pitchforkes located in Ealing and Hammersmith, both too within the West London knowledge base and experienceed by the same manager. every last(predicate) three of the beauty salons argon relatively small(a) in size fashioning satisfactory profits and located good bump off the high streets in quieter aras. The first branch was easyed in 1999 in Chiswick and the others ascertained on 5 old age later, the Hammersmith branch being the newest.MethodThis report was conducted exploitation both autochthonic and secondary search. The primary interpret for was collected directly from the manager and group members by interviewing them. By so doing, the research collected was new and wasnt research that had already existed. Secondary research was collected through the use of books, the net profit and articles and consequently looking at exist data.Findings and discussionBehavioural conjectureAs the manager, Mimi Vasquez, top-notchvises and ma nages the overall per determineance of his module and the business. His current work role is to analyse and propose developing strategies on how to improve the bore of their go e.g. more speed and competency in cutting copper and true statement with mixing colours of hair dye. These two examples are some of Mimis chief(prenominal) targets and he wishes to charter met these closes by July 2011. Mimi excessively examines flairs to achieve his business goals of exploit profits and acknowledges that compensations and rewards have worked surface in the departed as they motivate and promote provide to work better any year he elects 2 spate as the close to improved and most enthusiastic police squad members and rewards them in the form of bonuses and HMV vouchers. His work role alike involves instructing his team members and allocating them to different parts of the salon when the twenty-four hour period gets busyMoreover, this has played a corking role in the deve lopment of Mimis leaders within the business. Yukl (2006, p5) defines leading as- leading is the process wherein an individual member of a group or organization influences the exposition of events, the choice of objectives and strategies, the organization of work activities, the want of good deal to achieve the objectives, the maintenance of conjunct relationships, the development of skills and self-assertion by member, and the stop of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organisation.Yukls definition very closely matches Mimis approach to leaders in the sand that it emphasizes the importance of people skills and the social influence that leaders croup have. One possibleness to provide express for this is the behaviour attitude. This theory vociferations that people stimulate leaders because of what they do and this lowlife buoy be split into two different categories tax behaviour and relationship behaviour. Task behaviour places the main fo calise on the decimal point to which a leader emphasises productivity targets, goal accomplishments and maintaining standards.These behaviours mass also be called production-centred and it lav be seen in Mimis leadership fashion when he uses HMV vouchers to motivate his supply to work harder and faster. Mimi has also said that rewards gave his staff an incentive to work and this played a all important(p) part in retentiveness them happy and full of energy, even towards the give the sack of the day. Furthermore, relationship behaviour focuses on managers actions that show forethought for their staff and their welfare as opposed to behaviours that tighten on complementary childbeds. Although this contrasts to task behaviour, this can also be seen in Mimis leadership approach in the mind that he aims to improve his staffs skills and suspensor them gain more confidence in their job role.Trait positionThe controversy in defining leadership has en adequate to(p)d some diff erent theories to be actual in an attempt to inform the moment of a leader within a business or an organisation. Bratton (2010, p363) cited that individuals who occupy leadership positions possess superior qualities or attributes compared with the traits have by non- leaders. This view is cognise as the trait perspective and its theories oftentimes(prenominal) as the striking man theories focus mostly on positive characteristics much(prenominal) as stamina, intelligence and eloquence in speech.Research in 1974 by Stogdill showed that socioeconomic factors also played a great role for example, very few incorporated leaders had fathers who held a low level position or who were paid quite poorly. Stogdill also found that intelligence and fluency in speech were very closely related to leadership and used these traits to specify leaders from go oning. He then cerebrate that at that place were specific patterns of traits that occurred in some people which gave them an adv antage when seeking a leadership position. Shabina and Mario also described their manager to hold very positive characteristics such as friendly, talkative, enthusiastic and organised and wasnt like the other staff members at Mimi Vasquez hair and beauty in the sense that he was much more determined. This so justifies why Mimi is a leader.In addition, research into substitutes for leadership claim that there should be a straightforward difference between the leader and the fol lands in a business and there should be inflexible rules and formalized areas of duty in assemble to prevent the followers from being guided by their peers and replacement their existing leader. This would occur if the followers realised that their peers had the skills equivalent to their leader and they decided to follow them instead. Keith Grint (2005) also argues that successful leadership-Is not a list of innate skills and competences, or how much charisma you have, or whether you have a vision or a outline for achieving that vision, but whether you have a capacitance to learn from your followers.This again, provides evidence against the trait perspective stating that this is not what makes an potent leader.The shared/super leadership theoryThe founding of Mimis other branches, helped him gain down which substantial his role even further as he had to identify problems, make choices and provide alternatives actions to his initial plans. His role development throughout the years has been quite significant and his responsibilities have duplicated allowing him to improve his time management and organisation.Mario and Shabina are two team members of the salon who were also interviewed. Mario is a skipper hair styler whose work role involves restyling and cutting clients hair, dying, aeonian hair straightening, Brazilian hair rumple drying etc. His work role is crucial to the business as he has qualities and skills that gather up a lot of training and experience in order to gain. Marios work role has developed over the years as his experience has allowed him to move up the ladder in regards to the styles and haircuts he can confidently perform. The number of clients he militia on a daily arse has also increased over the past 6 years of working at the salon showing an improvement in his abilities.He is now responsible for his own clients as before he would further deal with Mimis clients and help around. However, he is still in a lower position to Mimi and is usually responsible for qualification confident(predicate) that Mimis clients are book in for the dates and times they requested, making sure n genius of the time slots clash with one another. The Shared/super leadership theory suggests that excellent leaders are those who help their followers develop by playacting as their teacher rather than safekeeping all of their knowledge to themselves. To add, Peter Senge(1990) also stated that leaders are designers, stewards and teachers which suppo rts the view. Mimi has evermore trained his team members, in particularly Mario and this also adds towards the statement that Mimi is an effective leadership.Fiedlers leadership possibility theoryShabina is the merely beautician at Mimi Vasquez Hair and Beauty and her role involves taking care of her own customers and making her own bookings as strong as offering all of the services waxing, laser hair removal, threading, massages etc. Her role doesnt involve anything to do with hair, and she flora in her own room downstairs. However, Mimi is her manager also and so it is her certificate of indebtedness to follow all of his guidelines and instructions. Her role has developed over the past 3 years as she first started out as an assistant, clean around and helping the beautician. She then worked her way up by gaining experience and qualifications and developed her role into a full-time professional beautician.Fiedlers leadership contingency theory proposes that the strong suit of the leader depends on whether the leadership style is matched with the followers and the environment. It is based on 3 main assumptions 1) leader-member relations, which relate to whether the leader receives support, respect and trust of the followers 2) task structure, which relates to how structured the tasks performed by followers are 3) position power, which relates to the formal authority that the leader can exert through the use of punishment and rewards. This theory can explain Mimis leadership style as it explains why Mimis leadership is effective and hence how he has been able to successfully run the business for so many years. In relation to this theory, Mimi is placed to be known as a relationship-orientated leader and so it explains that his team members have been able to develop throughout the years because of his concern for them.The situational leadership theoryMimis relationship to his group is fairly hierarchical where he would force influence upon others to do something that they otherwise wouldnt. This hair and beauty business is a good example as it shows how Mario takes responsibility for making bookings for both, his and Mimis clients. The group itself had developed over the years as they have slowly started to work as a team, helping each other and finishing each others jobs off when the salon gets busy. In 1999, manager Mimis Vasquezs main roles were to simply open and close the salon, receive payments for the service provided and order raw materials such as hair dye, scissors, wax etc. Now, with the growth of the business, all of the team members in the salon have developed their roles as they have had to bounce back for each other and enhance coordination skills.The situational leadership model is where the leaders leadership style depends on the adulthood of the followers it can explain that why Mimi trusts his staff to look after his salon whilst he is in a different branch. The friendly personality of the business also allo ws Mimi to be little formal and more flexible with rules and procedures. Bratton (2010, p.370) states that ally maturity is determined by the magnate and willingness of the followers to accept responsibility for completing their work. The fact that each team member has their own set of responsibilities proves that their levels of maturity are very high and hence can explain why Mimis rules are quite flexible, according to Mario and Shabina. destructionThe report has explored Mimis approach to leadership using the behavioural, trait, shared/super leadership, contingency and situational theories and it can clearly be seen that leadership is not easily defined and its effectiveness isnt easily measured. It has also describe the work roles of the manager as well as the team members and explained how their roles have developed. To conclude, although the report gives a sense of idea of what Mimis leadership approach may be, in reality it is very hard to accurately describe using only one theory.AppendixBratton, J. (2010) Work and organisational behaviour. 2nd edn, Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan Grint,K.(2005) leadership limits and possibilities, Basingstoke Palgrave Senge, P.M.(1990) The Fifth Discipline. New York Currency/Doubleday Yukl, G.(2006) leaders in organizations.6th edn, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice abidance